Discussing Developmental Theorists and Their Theories of...

Discussing Developmental Theorists and Their Theories of Human Development For ease of review in discussing the developmental theorists and their theories of human development I have subdivided each theorist into their respective schools of psychology. These schools include the psychoanalytic school, behavioral school, humanistic school, cognitive school, and the individual schools of psychology. Each developmental theorist holds their own unique ideas and theories about various components of human development. I will be discussing the contributions of each of these theorists. To begin with we have the psychoanalytic school of psychology. This would include Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Elisabeth Kubler-Ross. I will begin with†¦show more content†¦He also concluded that the sexual drive was the most powerful shaper of a persons psychology, and that sexuality was present even in infants. He presented what is now a well-known theory of the stages of psychosexual development. They include the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Later, he identified two additional stages called the latent and genital period. The phallic stages include the Oedipus Complex for boys and the â€Å"Electra Complex† for girls. The Oedipus Complex states there is a sexual attraction towards the mother and a sense of jealousy to the point of hatred of the father. The Electra Complex states that there is a sexual attraction towards the father and a hostile rivalry toward the mother. I find Freud’s theory of the unconscious to be relevant and useful. I think the us e of the term â€Å"Freudian Slip† most relevant in applying this theory. I know at times I have said things that I may have not been consciously thinking about yet when they came out I could identify with them. I can also agree that many unconscious memories are from childhood events. I find this highly useful for me because I am adopted and so unlike any members of my family. I believe my early childhood events helped to shape my future behavior but they were very painful and I repressed them. His stress on the importance of childhood helped to teach the value of giving children an emotionally nourishing environment so I can definitely findShow MoreRelatedVygotsky s Theory Of Human Development1386 Words   |  6 PagesLev Vygotsky was an educator and a theorist known primarily for his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky developed the sociocultural theory, which is the theory of human development through social and cultural influences (Aimin, 2013), during the 1920’s-30à ¢â‚¬â„¢s. One of Vygotsky’s focuses was the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD), which is the idea of a child being appropriately challenged, this will be discussed further on. His theory stemmed from how children’s learning is impacted greatlyRead MoreThe views of Piaget and Gesell on how development occurs1430 Words   |  6 PagesAbstractVery few theorists have impacted and influenced child development as did the work of Jean Piaget and Arnold Gesell. Although they stand at opposite poles, both have recorded facts useful to parents and professionals alike. This paper presents the highlights of their theories and focuses on their major differences. The views of Piaget and Gesell on how development occursIntroductionIn Psychology, very few theorists have impacted and influenced child development as did the work of Jean PiagetRead MorePsychology : Child Development Theories1094 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology: Child Development Theories According to Merriam-Webster, psychology is â€Å"the study of the human mind and its functions†. With psychology, we are able to understand and predict human behavior and overall understand how we think and process the world around us. In this research paper we will be discussing the most known theories of a specific branch of psychology, child development, then I will explain which theory of all I believe is right and why. Developmental psychology is the scientificRead MoreThe Theory Of Nursing Theory812 Words   |  4 PagesTheory is the backbone to nursing as it gives nurses a framework and an idea of what they do and, most importantly, why they do it. Nursing theory means many different things to people and to only give credit to one definition would not be fair. Therefore, the definition of theory alone is, â€Å"the doctrine or principles underlying an art as distinguished from the practice of that particular art† (Theory, n.d). This definition is particularl y useful because nursing is an art as well as a scienceRead MoreIs Child Development Best Described as Gradual Change, or as a Series of Stages?1277 Words   |  6 Pagescover sheet Essay Title: Is child development best described as gradual change, or as a series of stages? Student number: M00330526 Word count (Excluding title and references section): 1076 Declaration By submitting this work I acknowledge that I am its author, that all sources consulted in its preparation are referenced appropriately in accordance with the referencing guide, and that I have not copied from any source. The development of children occurs from birth to adolescenceRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1333 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior is crime. The fundamental purpose of theory is to explain things that can be observed. When discussing crime, it is essential to provide theories to grasp a conceptual understanding. There are many theories that have been conducted to better understand the cause of criminal behavior and crime. Some examples of these theories are Classical Theory, Deterrence Theory, Positivist Theory, Strain Theory, and Social Learning Theory. The Classical Theory developed by Cesare Beccaria, introduces theRead MoreWhy Learning Theories And Learning Styles Is Important For Your Career Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesWhy having an understanding of learning theories and learning styles is important for your career in nursing? In this essay, I will start by discussing the four main aspects of learning theories and how having an understanding of these will help me in my nursing career. I will also be identifying my own strongest and weakest learning style and how having an understanding of this will enhance my practice as a learning disability nurse. In my understanding, a learning style is your own way of learningRead MoreEssay on Examining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today1839 Words   |  8 PagesExamining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today Abstract This paper names three educational theorists, Benjamin Bloom, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky, and seeks to examine their most well-known theories. These are namely, Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. Each theory is briefly explained and then compared and contrasted with the other theories. Lastly, the author reflects on the practicalRead MoreLearning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And Cognitive Views1163 Words   |  5 PagesLearning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claimRead MoreErikson s Psychosocial Theory : Development Of Ego Identity1293 Words   |  6 PagesPsychosocial theory Erik Erikson was a student of another theorist, Sigmund Freud. Erikson expanded on Freud’s psychosexual theory. Erikson later developed the psychosocial theory. This theory described the effect of one’s social experiences throughout one’s whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. The ego was taken from Freud’s theory. Erikson

How Values Affect Individual and Organisational Behaviour...

How values affect individual and organizational behaviour Schwartz (1992) described values as desirable, trans-situational goals, changing in significance that serves as guiding principles in people’s lives. In simpler words, values evolve from circumstances with the outside world and can change over time. They are believed to have a significant influence on the behavioural and emotional of individuals (Rokeach, 1973), also on the organisational culture (O’Reilly amp; Chatman, 1996). Values can be classified into two types, which are terminal values and instrumental values. Terminal values self-sufficient end-states of existence that an individual strives to attain such as wisdom. As instrumental values refers to mode of behaviour†¦show more content†¦It is also found that the best predictor of job satisfaction was value congruence (Westerman amp; Cyr, 2004). Moreover, perceived organisational values predict employees’ levels of commitment to some extent (Finegan, 2000; McDonald amp; Gandz, 1991). Perceived organisational values are the perception that the organisation conducts itself in a fair manner, according to the individual (Viswesvaran amp; Ones, 2002). For example, organisation that own values of humanity and vision would create more positive workplace behaviour as it encourages positive values and discourage negative influences that affect behaviour, this will lead to higher organisational commitment. Vision and humanity values are said t o promote organisational commitment (Shwartz amp; Bardi, 2001). This is because both the values are comparable with the pan-cultural value types of benevolence, universalism, and self-direction. Also, Maslow’s theory suggested that these types of values are those that happen to be fundamental human needs and are related to self-actualisation. Besides that, the person- organisation fit is important for understanding how employees will work within their environments and also to study how likely is it they will adapt to theShow MoreRelatedOrganizational culture1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs, as well as the shared values that define organization membership, as well as the member’s habitual ways of making decisions, and presenting themselves, and their organization to those who come in contact with it.† Clegg, Kornberger and Pitsis, 2008 The dictionary definition of a culture is â€Å"the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular group of people or a society†. An organisation is made up of individuals and the culture of an organization defines how things are done in an organisationRead MoreThere Are Many Factors In An Organisation That May Lead1727 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many factors in an organisation that may lead to deviant workplace behaviour and such behaviour is not wanted, managers must generate strategies to reduce this behaviour within their organisations. The term, deviant workplace behaviour, is defined as behaviour, that is intentional, that violates important organisational models and while this is happening, it may be threatening the wellbeing of the organisation or its members (Robbins, Judge, Millett, Boyle, 2014, p. 21). A manager’s bestRead More‘Organizational Culture Can Be One of the Most Important Means of Improving Organizational Performance.’ Deba te and Discuss.1357 Words   |  6 Pagesimproving organizational performance.’ Debate and discuss. Every Organization has a culture that constitutes the expected, supported and accepted way of work and behaviour.  Ã‚  These influence everyone s perception of the business from the chief executive to the lowest rank. Organisational culture can be described as the shared values, principles, traditions and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act. The definition of culture implies three things: first, culture isRead MoreA Research On Cross Cultural Groups And Organisations1141 Words   |  5 Pagesforming our ways of thinking, feeling and behaviour. Cultures differ from nations and regions. The author of the book explains the cultural differences or diversity between nations based on empirical researches. Through the dimensions described by the author, we can understand how national cultures work as the mental programming and why people from difference cultures have social misunderstandings and conflicts. This books explains that although human behaviour is not random, to some extent it is predictableRead MoreRelationship Between Organizational Culture And Its Impact On The Quality Of Care Patients Receive, Vanbeek And Gerritsen1238 Words   |  5 PagesPostner and M unson (1979), identified values as being the things that matter to us or what we consider to be the right thing and Sullivan, Sullivan and Buffton (2002) suggest that it is our values that drives our behaviour, inform our decision making and actions. Rokeach (1973) made a differentiation between personal and social values. Personal values relate to our personal goals e.g. inner harmony whereas social values reflect our goals for society e.g. equality, being treated with dignity and respectRead MoreBurke Litwin Model Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesBurke-Litwin: Understanding Drivers for Change There are many reasons that change occurs in organisations. Building on the Burke-Litwin model of organisational change and performance, this article will help you identify different drivers of change and consider the implications for you as a change manager. The Model The Burke-Litwin model[1] shows the various drivers of change and ranks them in terms of importance. The model is expressed diagrammatically, with the most important factors featuringRead MoreBusiness Culture and Strategy Outcome2926 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Organisational Culture Organisational cultures are created by people. An organisation’s culture is also created and maintained by the organisations leadership. Organisational culture is important to alphabet games because the culture of the workplace shapes the way the employees act and relate to others both internally and externally. This can have a significant effect on the way the organisation operates. The culture is the feel we get when we walk into an organisation, madeRead MoreEffective Leaders Motivate And Motivate Followers And Achieve Collective Goals1599 Words   |  7 PagesEffective leaders motivate and inspire followers to achieve collective goals. Within an organisational context, the changing nature of the workplace and the employment relationship has seen a shifting focus to the importance of establishing trust between leaders and followers, emphasising employee wellbeing and team orientated decision-making. However leaders who exhibit toxic traits have lasting effects, not onl y upon their followers, but also the organisation. From a psychological perspective,Read MoreConflict Is Essential For Organisational Success . In This1135 Words   |  5 PagesConflict is essential for organisational success In this current era of modernization and development, there is a serious economic war between firms of different sizes. Many firms have capabilities to success in the market and maintain their position for a very long period of time. Such firms that keep the hold of the market deals with the organisational conflicts effectively and efficiently (1). It is obvious that one can find different nature of people in a workplace and thus causing conflictsRead MoreThe Managerial Functions Of Management1238 Words   |  5 PagesAn organisation needs managers to be able to accomplish its goals. They contribute to organisational value, its financial performance, and productivity by the efficiency and effectiveness of managerial tasks (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg, Coulter, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to justify why we need managers in the organisation and how they become so influential to its performance and the employee’s job satisfaction through their functions, roles and skills. B asically, managers are classified

Yasser Arafat In The Move Toward a Palestinian State Essay

Yasser Arafat In The Move Toward a Palestinian State Yasser Arafat was born into a Palestinian family in Egypt in 1929. Even in his early life he began fighting from age eighteen onwards, first the British, then the Israelis. At the age of thirty he founded a magazine in 1959 which aimed to create and identity for the Palestinians living in camps. This was a good way of giving the people publicity and also shows that his original motives when he was young were good. As time went on, Arafats actions began to contradict his early good intentions as he set up Al-Fatah, a guerrilla movement that set up guerrilla cells to launch attacks into Israel. This already made him look like more of a†¦show more content†¦He gained respect for the Palestinian cause. Apparently realising his tactics were ineffective; in 1974 he opted for a new strategy. He was allowed to access the UN claiming I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom-fighters gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand. This quote sums up Arafats ambivalence. He claims he wants peace but if that requires terror, he seems prepared for anything. However the fact that he mentioned the olive branch, a symbol for peace, gave good publicity for the cause and this was also the first time a Palestinian had managed to speak to the UN so this was an important step in the fight for a Palestinian state because there would be a chance for discussion. In 1982 Israel attacked the Lebanon and Arafat fled. His leadership was weak but the upshot of the attacks was support gained from various parties. In 1987 Arafat seemed to change his tactics once more, making him look all the more fickle and unstable. He announced Intifada and at last respected the right for Israel to exist and renounced terror. At the time this showed that Arafat wanted to gain international respect and again would allow discussion, the possibility of peace and a move towards a Palestinian state. When the Gulf war began in 1990, Arafat made the massive mistake of siding with SaddamShow MoreRelated Middle East Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pagesrightfully theirs; they attacked the State of Israel. To the surprise of many, the armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan fell to Israeli troops and instead of gaining land, they lost it. Almost twenty years later war broke out once more. This time Egypt had blocked off the Straits of Tiran, which supplied most of Israels exports, and mobilized most of their fighting army on the border with Israel. Israel, instead of waiting for Egypt to attack first, Israel made the first move and attacked Egypt. Israel destroyedRead MoreEssay about The Palestinian Liberation Organization1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Palestinian Liberation Organization, whilst proving to have little effectiveness in accomplishing their aims in the period of 1964-1974, had a significant and enduring effect on the events in the Middle East. Created in 1964 on the initiative of Egyptian president Nasser, the PLO would soon become one of the most influential bodies of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Born out of a desire to liberate the Palestinian homeland in an ‘armed struggle’, it was largely responsibly for the fedayeen raids thatRead MoreHatred Between Israelis and the Palestinians Essay2070 Words   |  9 PagesHatred Between Israelis and the Palestinians The fear, suspicion and hatred between the Palestinians and the Israelis are present because of many causes, both short term and long term. Both the Israelis and the Palestinians believe they have cause to hate each other. One of the earliest long-term events that contribute to the current hostility is the Deir Yassin massacre in 1948-9. The Deir Yassin massacre was caused by Operation Dalet, which was launched by the Read MoreIssues Between Palestine and Israelis3163 Words   |  13 Pagesthat continue to block peace between Palestinians and Israelis The issue of Palestine and Israel is one that has been hotly contested for over a thousand years. The last fifty years have been especially important in the history of the Jewish people and Palestinians. Since the death of Yasser Arafat on the 11th of November 2004, and the election of Mahmoud Abbas as his successor as leader of the Palestinian Authority, significant steps have been taken towards a lasting peace. This will hopefullyRead MorePalestine And Their Unique History Essay1924 Words   |  8 Pagesconquers Palestine.They supported the national home for the Jewish people and set rules that will not stop prejudice in the civil and religious aspect towards existing non-Jewish communities. The next year the first significant Palestine Arab nationalist organizations emerge, the mainly cultural muntade al-Arabi and Damascus based nadi al-Arabi.(Palestinian territories – Timeline) Al-Mutada al-Adabi was originally founded in Istanbul in 1909 by Abd al-Karim al-Khalil. The origination had been formedRead More Israel P.L.O. Peace Treaty Essay3260 Words   |  14 Pagesconflict between Israel and the Arab states. This conflict has been marked by six bloody wars. In 1867, during the six-day war of Syria, Jordan and Egypt, Israel captured the West Bank, Sinai and the Gaza strip. Subsequently, a population of over a million Palestinian Arabs, together with their land was now under Israeli control. (Spencer, p.70) It was during this time that a Palestinian leader emerged, Yasser Arafat. Labeled a terrorist by Israel and the United States, he and his Palestine LiberationRead MoreIslamic and Middle East World Conflicts1048 Words   |  4 Pagesconflict is the Arab-Israeli conflict, and finally Syrian civil War. The Arab-Israel conflict started over a land. Both Palestinian Arabs and Israeli wanted the right to the same land. During the WW II Britain promised both sides a state in Palestine. After the war, the British Empire gained control of Palestine. The British mandate opened Jewish immigration into Palestine. Arab Palestinian population felt threatened by increase of few population and fights broke out on both side. The rise of Hitler andRead MoreIsrael Is A Small Democracy At The Eastern End Of The Mediterranean1349 Words   |  6 PagesIsrael, the term â€Å"Palestinian† was used by most of the world to denote all the inhabitants of Palestine, including Jews. Before World War I (1914–18), however, Arabs in Palestine began using the term to describe themselves as a distinct nation or people. During the 1920s and 1930s, while the Zionist movement was encouraging Jewish migration to Palestine with the goal of creating a Jewish-majority state there, Palestinian Arabs began to demand the establishment of their own state: Palestine. In 1947Read MoreThe Israel-Palestine Conflict Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israel-Palestine Conflict The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a part of the greater Arab-Israeli long-running conflict in the Middle East. The main point of this conflict is the existence of the state of Israel and its relations with Arab states and with the Palestinian population in the area. The idea and concept of Israel was born in the mid 19th century. Jews of Europe and America wanted a place for their homeland, where they could go and beRead More Israel and Terrorism Essay5164 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction: The Conflict, Cause for Optimism, and Skepticism Over the past 55 years conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has led to three wars, years of terrorism, and decades of poverty and displacement resulting in thousands upon thousands of deaths among both peoples. Despite the conflict, Israel has managed to develop its economy thanks in large part to generous foreign aid. Palestinians, however, have largely been living in poverty, under the rule of a corrupt government and in fear of Israeli

The Importance of Internships free essay sample

Growing up in school, students are constantly reminded that a college education is necessary to make a decent salary. Over the years, it has become evident to many young adults that this statement is indeed true. However, as the need for jobs increases, so does the necessity of being more competitive in a work field. Since our generation has grown up knowing that graduating from college is a necessity, a college education is no longer enough to be competitive in the job market; therefore, our generation has given birth to a new requirement to find the right job after college. This requirement is known as an internship. Despite the fact that not many internship programs pay their students, an internship is an essential element for a student’s career in today’s society. The skills and opportunities attained after having participated in an internship program definitely outweigh any downside to any part of the program. College is a place where students become prepared for many aspects of life. Pastor Ricky Torres made the following statement on night bus once: â€Å"You must be ready for moments in your life where preparation and opportunity cross paths. If you’re not prepared, you will miss great opportunities that only come by once.† One aspect in life which must be well prepared is networking. The more contacts a person has, the higher the chances of that person getting what he needs. â€Å"College internships are a resource and the ultimate social network.†1 When a student joins an internship program, he is joining a nexus of connections that will last him for a lifetime. â€Å"Internships are mutual beneficial relationships.† 2 The intern gets an opportunity to look into the real world pertaining to his career, while the employer gets a chance to look for the brightest and hardest working members in the program. Many times in life, it doesnt necessarily come down to â€Å"how much you know† but â€Å"who you know†. Internships provide the chance to get to know many important people in the area that best interest a student. Internships secure a successful way to find employment. For example, the majority of the young men that graduate from Hyles-Anderson College end up interning for their home pastors. Interns return home and eventually become  Music Directors, Assistant Pastors, School Teachers, or Bus Directors. However, most of these interns usually receive little to no pay at all when they first begin working for their home church. This is indeed one of the most criticized downsides to many internship programs. Nearly 50% of all Internships in the U.S are unpaid and 85% of graduates are actually willing to intern for free.3 Critics believe that colleges and companies are constantly pushing students to join internship programs because these companies save millions of dollars annually by â€Å"hiring† interns. Although this may be true, most graduates that enter an intern program finish the internship receiving a highly coveted job offer. In the other hand, a great number of graduates that don’t have the tool of an internship network usually leave college and cannot find a job. These graduates put up with having to wander from one job to another while the jobs usually have nothing to do with their field of study. Students who are willing to sacrifice a couple months of salary usually end up winning because they find a well-fitting and well-paid job in the end. Most internships equip members with necessary experience in their field of study. â€Å"The dilemma new graduates most often face is that they’ve got fine academic training but no hard experience.† 4 Employers usually look for applicants who have hands-on experience. When very few people are willing to take the risk of hiring a complete rookie, internship programs are designed for this matter. Internships provide students with great experience and references to add to their resumes. Graduates are also able to add themselves to a real work force without having to engage in commitment with a company or an employer. That itself is enough to relieve unnecessary stress on anyone! Not only are these programs beneficial for interns, but for employers as well. Companies can be sure that interns are dedicated and truly interested in the field that they are working in. There are many people who are currently working in fields where they never thought they would work. Their plans in life didn’t work out the way they wanted and they are now living under what they once labeled â€Å"Plan B†. A good example of this can be found in a chapter from the book To Become a Teacher. â€Å"When I asked why he wanted to teach and, more specifically, why  he wanted to teach young children, the young man quickly responded. â€Å"Oh, I’ve always heard that its good to pick up some teaching credits. The early childhood education program looked doable [easy enough, I quickly interpreted] with my engineering courses. Anyway, if all else fails,† he continued, â€Å"I could always fall back on teaching.† How I wish that this young man’s story was an exception† 5 Internships are a way to prevent situations like these. Employers can see who really wants to work in a department and if they can’t find anyone fit for the job, they can at least see who has the potential and who doesnt. A person who doesn’t intern after college is truly missing out on a chance to take his career on a test-run. Internships are indeed excellent and rewarding ways to gain hands-on experience. Interns have the opportunity to meet and network with many people who will provide help and references along their career. Although internship programs may not always pay their students, today’s competitive work force demands graduates to be highly equipped for their work field. The skills and opportunities attained from an internship program are innumerable. If anyone is struggling to decide which internship to join, they should see their school advisor or simply research online. Great opportunities for success are definitely available, the question is: â€Å"How competitive do graduates want to be?†.